فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 148، بهار 1402)

Transitioning from private transportation into public transportation, provides environmental sustainability, as well as, economic and social benefits. However, this type of sustainability in the Tehran metropolis has been less studied from a future perspective. In fact, as an interdisciplinary knowledge, future studies provide a tool to assess sustainability in public transportation systems. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the future state of the public transportation system of Tehran's metropolis from the viewpoint of compatibility with the environment.

This is a "survey" carried out based on the experts' opinion and through the "explanatory-evaluation" path. The study is done in 2021 in order to propose possible scenarios for 2031. 12 qualified experts in "future studies" and "transportation and urban traffic", who were selected in a targeted manner, participated in this study. Data analysis was done using "theme analysis", "mean comparison" and "scenario" methods.

8 out of 41 drives affecting the future of the public transportation system in Tehran were identified as the key drivers. Then, 11 scenarios were obtained after defining three favorable, static and critical states for each of the key drivers, in which 6 scenarios were more probable and more credible in the Tehran metropolis. However, scenario number 2, which is the continuation of the current situation, was recognized as the most likely scenario for the next 10 years in Tehran.

Achievement of the environmental sustainability in the future of the public transportation system of the Tehran metropolis is dependent on investment and financing the development of new technologies and environmental standards. Accurate planning and policy-making are of great importance in the achievement of this goal at the level of the metropolitan area.

A Smart city ensures sustainable economic development and life quality improvement using human and social capitals and communication infrastructures, manages its natural resources consciously, and includes the dimensions of Smart economy, mobility, environment, people, life and government. This study aims to understand the Smart environment component, using future studies approach in order to investigate and structurally analyze the interactions between the environmental drivers in the Mashhad metropolis and present future scenarios.

This is a quantitative survey carried out in 2022 in the Mashhad metropolis. In order to identify the drivers. The opinions of 30 urban management experts and specialists were collected using targeted non-random sampling and were analyzed in the Mic Mac software. For compiling the scenarios facing the Mashhad metropolis in the Smart environment, the questionnaire was given to 20 foresight experts to collect their opinions to score the matrix of the conditions facing the descriptors.

According to the results of Mic Mac software, three indicators, including environmental regulations, raising citizens' awareness and encouraging them to participate, and the environmental supervision and monitoring were the most influential and impressible variables. Variables' places in the "matrix of direct influence" shows that system is unstable.

Just two scenarios (Golden and disaster scenarios) out of 115 possible ones had high compatibility in Mashhad. "Environmental regulations" and "environmental supervision and monitoring" were the most influential factors playing an important role in making Mashhad environment smarter. These two factors are of great importance in making the first scenario more probable and to avoid the second scenario.

Livability, as one of the main goals of urban construction and development, has attracted the attention of urban planning and geography. This study aimed to investigate the quality of urban livability in District 22 of Tehran City, Iran.

In this descriptive study in 2022, 4 areas of District 22 in Tehran were ranked to evaluate urban livability. 600 citizens (150 people in each Area) and 70 experts, selected randomly, participated in the study. 18 indicators were selected from four economic, environmental, sociocultural and urban infrastructure and services dimensions. Respondents' opinions were collected through field studies. While the information about the distribution of the healthcare centers, police stations, education centers, and fire stations was received from the Statistic Center of Iran, Tehran. Data was analyzed in ArcGIS 10.8.2 and Expert Choice 11 software using the Shannon Entropy method and the AHP model.

Areas 2 and 1 in Tehran were the most livable, while Areas 3 and 1 were the least. Sociocultural and economic dimensions were the least desirable items in District 22 of Tehran. While the environmental and infrastructure dimensions were relatively more favorable than other investigated dimensions in this district of Tehran.

The urban livability rate in District 22 of Tehran is 57.42%, representing the average level.

New marketing methods are usually presented to tackle the problems of the traditional means of marketing or to increase their efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the causality of the indicators affecting guerilla marketing to facilitate the attraction of tourists with an attitude toward economic benefits.

This is a cross-sectional study carried out in Kermanshah, 2021, using a mixed method of quantitative-qualitative. 85 primary codes were extracted from the desk studies and the analysis of 26 articles. The codes were classified into 7 groups according to their alternative themes. The given questionnaire was delivered to the experts and the results were modeled using the DEMATEL method.

Eventually, 63 extracted primary codes were classified into 9 content groups, 7 alternative themes and 3 basic themes. Human tools, cultural tools, causal relationships and technology were the most impressive variables. While, economic benefits, customer attraction, advertisement and causal relationships were the most impressible ones.

In guerilla marketing, Human tools, cultural tools, technology and causal relationships had an influential impact on the economic benefits, tourist attraction and advertisement.

Policy implementation evaluation is a process to improve and modify the implementation of public policies. This study aims to identify the key factors in evaluating the implementation of the Sustainable Urban Development Policy in the framework of the Sixth Plan.

This descriptive survey was carried out in Alborz Municipality in 2022. 20 experts and 152 senior managers from the organization participated in the study. Experts were interviewed in order to extract the influential factors and relevant indicators. The questionnaire's validity was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Fornell & Larcker criterion in Smart PLS2 software.

Evaluating the interviews and the experts' opinions, 51 items in 6 groups of indices were extracted. Considering the factor loading, all items' importance and their classification in 6 groups of indices were approved. The questionnaire's indices were all reliable. As the average variance extracted for each index was bigger than the pooled variance between the considered index and others, divergent validity was approved.

Policy goals and standards, tools and literature, enforcer, organization's out-of-control factors (intra-organizational factors) and the consequences are of great importance in the evaluation of the urban sustainable development policy implementation in the sixth development plan of Iran.

Considering roads just in terms of their connecting role and ignoring their importance as an asset and wealth has led to paying no attention to them as cultural-historical, natural and dynamic places. This study aims to provide a logical framework on how to conserve these historical resources in Iran by taking advantage of global experiences and principles of dynamic conservation.
Methodology The current qualitative study was done using the content analysis method and inductive reasoning process in 2022 and 10 relevant articles were selected. Primary codes on "historical and cultural roads conservation principles" and a "framework to protect historical and cultural roads" were identified and extracted. The analysis process (feedback loop) was done step-by-step according to inductive reasoning and the subcategories were classified into some core categories according to the primary codes' differences and similarities.

The frequency of those categories relevant to the conservation of cultural routes and historical roads including strategic management, protecting the assets and wealth, sustainable economic development, recognition of assets and wealth, flexibility, and education, development of knowledge and creative interpretation were 44, 37, 24, 17, 15 and 14 times, respectively. While, the frequency of those categories relevant to the framework of the historical and cultural roads conservation including "future decision-making", "recognition of the assets and wealth in the historical road corridors", "networking and synergy, analysis of the historical road importance", "formation of the roads semantic network" and "defining the historical roads corridors" were 26, 20, 16, 14, 8and 2 times.

In order to plan for the historical roads and conserve them dynamically, "defining of the historical road corridor", "formation of the semantic network of the historical road", "recognition of the assets and the wealth and understanding the importance of the historical roads corridor" "the analysis of the historical roads' importance", "networking and synergy" and " decision making for future" were of great importance.

Humans can affect the regional natural and biological environment by changing land use. In order to detect such changes in the earth's surface features, remote sensing is a practical methods. Surface features are detected and then analyzed in the studied area using the chronological charactirstics of the satellite data.
Methodology Various digital methods have been developed to show changes in land cover and the earth surface transformations using remote sensing. Landsat 7 satellite images taken in December 2000 and those of Worldview2 taken in December 2020 were used over a 20-year period to compare object-based (Support Vector Machine) and pixel-based (Maximum Likelihood) methods. The mentioned satellite images were used to investigate land use changes trend in the western region of Tehran.

The spatial resolution of the images and the algorithm used to extract features of the earth's surface were more efficient in world View 2 images. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient for Landsat 7 images were 56.9767% and 0.3962, respectively, while for Worldview2, they were 86.0465% and 0.8069, respectively. Over the 20-year period, bare lands area decreased by 9.61 square kilometers, vegetation-covered area decreased by 5.13 square kilometers, constructed areas increased by 13.13 square kilometers, and water areas increased by approximately one square kilometer due to the construction of Chitgar Lake.

The results of the evaluations indicate that the support vector machine method is more compatible than the maximum likelihood method to detect land use types and land cover characteristics, as it incorporates additional factors beyond spectral reflection, such as shape, size, and texture factors between bands.

The spatial decoration of urban activities, the spatial structure of the communication and spatial accessibility have a significant impact on the extent and quality of urban mobility and accessibility. The concept of sustainable urban accessibility emerged from the sustainability paradigm on the concepts of urban mobility and accessibility. Accordingly, the current research aims at evaluating the spatial structure of the urban activities' hot spots, stations and arteries using a spatial-functional structure and assessing their compatibility.

This is a quantitative applied study, carried out in Enghelab Islami Square, Tehran in 2022. The analysis of the spatial-functional structure and sustainable urban accessibility in the studied area was carried out using GIS and spatial analysis methods, including space syntax analysis and urban network analysis.

The functional and spatial structure of the Enghelab Islami square region was relatively compatible. 75% and 70% of the points of interest (POI) were located around the structural arteries and in urban blocks with high spatial accessibility, respectively. Moreover, regarding the quality of sustainable urban accessibility, 85% of the POIs were within the first level of the functional radius of the sustainable transportation stations, while, 75% and 85% of parcels were located within the functional radius of the first and second level sustainable transportation stations, respectively.

Enghelab Islami square area is in a relatively good condition in terms of the mentioned structure's compatibility and the quality of sustainable urban accessibility.

Evaluating and monitoring the urban physical expansion structure to understand the development process and the problem is an important step toward optimal city management. This study aimed to investigate the physical expansion pattern of Bushehr city from 1984 to 2022.

This study is carried out in two parts in Bushehr city, 2022. The physical expansion structure of Bushehr city between 1984 to2022 was studied using satellite images. The impacts of urban growth were identified using field studies and desk studies and were analyzed using a questionnaire. The initial questionnaire was revised in two steps by the 30 experts. Content validity of the questionnaire was calculated using the opinions of 30 experts. The CVR and CVI of the questionnaire were higher than 60%. Then, the questionnaire was distributed among 250 urban management and planning experts in Bushehr city. The data were analyzed using the t-test and Vicor's weighting method.

The structure of Bushehr city has 4 main nucleus. The most important effects of this multi-nucleus development are summarized in economic, social, and environmental indicators and 16 dimensions. It is needed to pay attention to the dimensions of green space deterioration and energy efficiacy improvement in the environmental indicator, unique cultutal crafts protection and social integration along with local cooperation in the social indicators, and the promotion of tourism and functions' diversity in the economic indicator in order to solve the problems of the city's multi nucleus growth and optimal urban management.

The pattern of horizontal expansion of Bushehr city was a multi-nucleus structure.

Bazaars are one of the few urban spaces that have continued to exist in cities from the past to the present. The contrasting spatial structure of Bazaar and their surrounding streets is a point can be studied more. The aim of this research is to develop a model of the vitality of the streets around Borujerd Bazaar and to understand its relationship with the spatial structure of this area.

This study is carried out in Borujerd Bazaar and its immediate area. The required data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Vitality model was developed using method of confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL v8.80 software. Spatial variables were extracted based on the axis map in DepthMap 10 software. The relationship between spatial structure and urban vitality was determined through the correlation test in the SPSS23 software.

Borujerd Bazaar vitality model was divided into two perceptual and environmental criteria. In the environmental criteria, "activity", "access", "physical" and "environmental" factors had the greatest impact. In the "perception" criterion, the "psychological", "social" and "economic" factors had the greatest influence, respectively.

The environmental variables of street vitality around Borujerd Bazaar have a significant relationship with spatial structure of the road network. But this is not the case with perceptual variables. In fact, these variables, except for the social variable, have no significant relationship with the spatial configuration of passages.

Protection of underground water from pollution is a very important issue. Underground water vulnerability maps are useful tools for aquifer protection and pollution potential evaluation. The present study aims to evaluate the vulnerability of the Jiroft Plain aquifer using DRASTIC and CD models in the Geographical Information System (GIS).

The information relevant to these models was collected and entered into the GIS software in order to prepare the required layers of the models. Then, using overlapping techniques and applying the necessary weight coefficients on each layer, the final vulnerability map of the area was prepared.

According to the DRASTIC index results for the Jiroft plain aquifer, 8.04% of the area was in the low vulnerability class and 91.96% was in the medium vulnerability class. While, according to CD, 99.13% of the studied area had low vulnerability and 0.86% of it was in the medium vulnerability class. In addition, based on the results of two-parameter elimination and one-parameter sensitivity analysis in the DRASTIC model, the most influential parameter in evaluating the vulnerability of the studied aquifer was the unsaturated environment factor.

The majority of the studied area has low vulnerability to underground water pollution and the unsaturated environment factor was the most significant factor in this area's vulnerability evaluation.

The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades has led to the formation of an unfavorable cycle of socio-economic and environmental imbalances and ultimately the decline of the quality of urban life. One of the new approaches is the concept of quality of life and qualitative social indicators for urban development. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the quality of urban life in Ardabil City.

This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted in 2022 in Ardabil City. Data was collected using a questionnaire distributed among 384 people from five regions with a confidence level of 93%. Kruskal-Wallis test, T-test and exploratory factor analysis were also used to analyze the data.

According to the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test, five regions of Ardabil city had no significant differences in the physical index. The results of the T-test in Ardabil city showed that 4 indicators of security and safety, economic, environmental quality and health and hygiene out of 9 indicators were in a favorable condition and 5 social, educational, physical, transportation and cultural indicators were assessed as undesirable and the respondents were not satisfied with their current situation. In addition, the results of satisfaction evaluation regarding the quality of life in five regions showed that the citizens of Region 5 were most satisfied with security and safety, economic, social, health and hygiene, physical and environmental quality indicators and the citizens of the Region 1 were most satisfied by cultural, transportation and education indicators.

Life quality indicators in 5 regions of Ardabil are not in favourable conditions which led to the reduction of life quality and made people dissatisfied.

Right to city is a concept, which seeks to involve and allocate the city to urban residents. This research investigates the validation of the right to the city through evaluating the indicators of the right to the city.

This was a descriptive-analytical survey and the statistical population of the research included all citizens older-than-15-year-old in Ahwaz County in 2021. 375 people were sampled according to the Cochran's formula as a cluster from all the urban areas of Ahwaz. One-sample T-test and spatial statistics methods were used in geographical information system to analyze the results.

The right to the city was not validated in eight districts of Ahwaz metropolis. However, the investigations indicated that regions 2 and 8 had better status than other regions. In addition, using the general Moran's statistic, it was concluded that the data are spatially self-correlated and their distribution pattern is in cluster form, except for the decision-making index, which follows a random pattern.

The degree of validation of the right to the city is lower than the standard and desirable level, and the degree of enjoyment of the right to the city in Ahwaz metropolis is unbalanced.

Suitable climatic conditions in Laran county, including permanent water resources, relatively fertile soil, connecting routes and suitable vegetation cover have provided good conditions to settle various groups of human from past up to now.

This study aims at identifying and analyzing the settlement patterns and determining the influence of environmental factors in the creation of Iron Age sites. The current research is carried out using descriptive-analytical methods, i.e. correlation and cluster analysis methods in GIS and SPSS environments to show the role of natural factors in the formation of sites and their distribution patterns in different parts of Laran.

Different geographical impact on the formation of the sites was in favor of temporary settlements and nomadism. Three settlement patterns were identified in this region mainly areas smaller than half a hectare.

the Iron Age sites of Laran County had little dependence on natural resources, probably due to the pastoral and nomadic subsistence pattern. Two settlement patterns have been detected in this region indicating husbandry and agricultural activities in a small scale.

The sacred space and the feeling of spirituality are well-understood in mosques as the great examples of Iranian architecture. Unfortunately, the place of the sacred and spiritual sense has been damaged in the creation of the space in some contemporary mosques. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to the sense of spirituality in the architecture of mosques and use valuable models of traditional architecture and understand it. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the components of the sense of spirituality in the congregational mosques of Iran.

The current research is qualitativein terms of the methodology. The elements creating a sense of spirituality in three mosques of Yazd, Isfahan, and Abbasi were explained using the method of "grounded theory". Data collected through continuous presence of the researcher in the environment and in-depth interviews with 35 experts according to the "constructivist approach" were analyzed in three stages of open, central, and selective coding. NVivo.12 was used for qualitative data analysis, coding and checking the frequency of the extracted codes from interviews.

The feeling of spirituality can be enhanced using the semantic, physical, geometric, and spatial patterns found in the prominent examples of traditional Iranian mosques. 35 interviews were conducted and 225 codes were extracted in the research process. 25 open codes, 11 central codes, and 5 selective codes were extracted through multiple revisions and integration of the codes according to their similarity during several steps.

Five indicators of "unification of components in a meaningful whole", "traditional decorations based on mystical knowledge", "spatial openness and greatness in the body", "meaningful presence of light and creating penumbra", and "centripetal geometry and local symmetry" are the components that give a sense of spirituality to the mosques.